This is in part due to a lack of consistency between both experimental and theoretical results. However, the precise atomic arrangement in these reconstructions and their formation mechanisms remain subjects of debate. The rutile TiO 2 (110) surface has been reported to reconstruct into TiO 2 (110)-(1×1) 24, 25, 26, TiO 2 (110)-(1×2) 10, 27, 28, and pseudo-hexagonal rosette structures 29, depending on the oxygen chemical potential, \(\)( T, p). It is well-known that oxide surfaces, including rutile TiO 2 (110), undergo reconstructions under specific reaction conditions, such as high temperatures 22, 23. The functional properties of TiO 2 materials are intricately linked to their surface properties, driving extensive research efforts to understand the atomic and electronic structure of TiO 2 surfaces 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) holds strategic significance in various applications, particularly as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation and the photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy 1, 2, 3, 4. This research provides a deeper understanding, prediction, and manipulation of the surface reconstructions of rutile TiO 2 (110), holding implications for a diverse range of applications and technological advancements involving rutile-based materials. The emergence and disappearance of these asymmetric structures can be controlled by adjusting the oxygen partial pressure. Our findings highlight the pivotal role played by repulsive electrostatic interaction among the small polarons −formed by excess electrons following the removal of neutral oxygen atoms− and the subsequent surface relaxations induced by these polarons. Density functional theory calculations were employed to complement the experimental observations. Here, we directly observe the asymmetric surface reconstruction of rutile TiO 2 (110)-(1×2) with atomic-resolution using in situ spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. ISBN 978-2-5.The reconstruction of rutile TiO 2 (110) holds significant importance as it profoundly influences the surface chemistry and catalytic properties of this widely used material in various applications, from photocatalysis to solar energy conversion. Themes in Geographic Thought (Routledge Revivals). Functional structuralism is primarily associated with the work of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. In functional-structuralist theory, in contrast, the initial focus is on the function of an aspect of society, and only after functions have been specified are enabling structures designated. Systems theory, following Talcott Parsons, began as a structural-functionalist theory, that is, social structures were stressed and placed at the center of analysis, and social functions were deduced from these structures. JSTOR ( February 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)įunctional structuralism is a spin-off from systems theory in sociology.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.įind sources: "Functional structuralism" – news Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |